Carbon steel|alloy steel|stainless steel fasteners cold deformation degree

The degree of deformation of the cold head is usually expressed by the section upset or reduction rate ε before and after the deformation of the material. The calculation formula of the degree of cold head deformation of typical parts is shown in Table 2.3-1:
Table 2.3-1 Formula for calculating the degree of cold extrusion deformation of typical parts

The limit of the primary deformation of materials of different materials is called the degree of allowable deformation [ε]. The allowable deformation degree of commonly used different materials is shown in Table 2.3-2:
Table 2.3-2 Permissible Deformation Level Tables for Commonly Used Materials